HARRY'S SPELL BOOK

Accio: The Summoning Charm. When used in connection with an object, this charm will cause such object to fly to the spell caster. It comes in very handy for Harry during the Tri-Wizard Tournament.

Alohomora: A simple spell learned by first-year students that will open most locks --- so long as they haven’t been bewitched by a stronger charm.

Amortentia: The most powerful love potion in the world, recognizable by its mother-of-pearl sheen. Amortentia gives off the odors most favored by those who smell it to cast the illusion of passion and affection.

Avada Kedavra (Killing Curse): One of the three so-called “Unforgivable Curses.” Avada Kedavra kills any living being instantly. There is only one known survivor of the Killing Curse, Harry Potter.

Bat-Bogey Hex: A nifty little curse that causes flapping wings to appear on the recipient’s face. Ginny Weasley is very adept at casting Bat-Bogey Hexes, and is in fact rewarded with Professor Slughorn’s attentions for casting one on Zacharias Smith, a snobby fellow student.

Confundus Charm: The spell equivalent of an anvil to the head. A Confunded person is liable to crash into stationary objects and have a tendency to forget his own name. Hermione performs one on Cormac McLaggen, a cocky Gryffindor seventh-year, during Quidditch tryouts in Half-Blood Prince.

Crucio (Cruciatus Curse): The second Unforgivable Curse. The Cruciatus Curse causes its victim excruciating pain and suffering and is used as a torture device by Voldemort and his Death Eaters. Alice and Frank Longbottom, Neville Longbottom’s parents, were tortured by Bellatrix Lastrange into insanity with this curse. They have yet to recover.

Diffindo: Aslicing charm that appears to act like a wizard’s “pocket knife.” Harry used it to cut open Cedric’s bag in Goblet of Fire and also to slice the cover off of his new Spellbook in Half-Blood Prince.

Drought of Living Death Potion: The potion Harry successfully mixes with the help of the Half-Blood Prince to win a bottle of Felix Felicis.

Episkey: A handy spell for repairing minor physical injuries. Tonks uses it to repair Harry’s broken nose in his sixth year.

Evanesco: A vanishing spell. It isn’t exactly clear if the vanished objects disappear permanently --- or reappear in a more convenient location.

Expecto Patronum: An incantation to create a Patronus, which usually takes the form of an animal and protects the spell-caster from Dementors.

Expelliarmus: A basic defensive spell first taught by Snape at the Dueling Club meeting in Chamber of Secrets. Its premise is to block or refract an opponent’s spells; however, it can have interesting side-effects when mixed with other incantations.

Felix Felicis: “Liquid luck”. When taken moderately, it offers a “perfect day”: namely, the taker will have luck on his or her side for an entire 12-hour period. Things will just…happen to his or her benefit. However, taken in excess, Felix causes recklessness and silly behavior. It is illegal to use Felix Felicis in sporting events or games of chance.

Impedimentia: A simple stunning spell that often comes in handy for Harry and his friends in tight situations.

Imperius Curse: The last of the Unforgivable Curse. The Imperius Curse allows the caster to take complete control of another person’s mind and body. Think of a living puppet, unable to control his or her thoughts or actions --- that is the Imperius Curse.

Levicorpus: A non-verbal spell invented by the Half-Blood Prince, handwritten in Harry's Potions textbook; the person on whom the spell is cast will be hung upside down by the ankle.

Liberacorpus: The anti-spell to Levicorpus.

Lumos: A simple spell that creates a ball of light at the tip of the caster’s wand.

Mordsmorde: The incantation that causes the Dark Mark to appear in the sky.

Muffliato: A spell invented by the Half-Blood Prince, handwritten in Harry's Potions textbook; it fills the ears of anyone nearby with an unidentifiable buzzing, so that conversations can be held without being overheard.

Obliviate: The Memory Charm. The victim of this spell will lose some or all of his or her memory, depending on the intent of the caster. It is often used by wizards to help Muggles “forget” magic they have seen or been a party to. Usually, a wizard will replace the erased memory with a much more plausible one.

Polyjuice Potion: A complex potion that takes a month to create and will turn one person into another --- as long as the identity thief can get something personal from his or her target’s body, such as a strand of hair, a nail clipping, or a piece of skin. It is brewed and used several times in the Harry Potter books, both by the good guys and the bad.

Prior Incantato: A spell that will force the subject wand to emit a “ghost” of the last spell it cast.

Protean Charm: An advanced charm that, when cast on multiple magical objects, reveals the same information to all those who carry one of those objects. It is used for secret communication. Hermione impressed members of the D.A. in sixth year by casting this spell on gold Galleons so they all could plan meetings.

Riddikulus: Renders a boggart ineffective by making it silly. It requires the power of mind of the spell caster. For example, Neville sees the boggart in Prisoner of Azkaban as Professor Snape, whom he fears. After chanting this spell, “Snape” is rendered ridiculous by dressing him in Mrs. Longbottom’s clothes.

Sectumsempra: Another doozie from the Half-Blood Prince. This spell is not so nice --- it slices cuts into the victim wherever the caster’s wand is aimed.

The Unbreakable Vow: A spell that binds a wizard/witch to a promise; when it is made, flames from each person's wand link together like clasped hands, and a third flame from a Bonder twists around them to bind them together.

Unforgiveable Curses: Three cruel curses illegal in the wizarding world. They include the Imperius Curse, the Cruciatus Curse and the Killing Curse.

Veritaserum: A powerful Truth Potion.

Wingardium Leviosa: A simple levitation spell learned by first years. It is significant in that it plays a part in bonding the friendship between Harry, Ron and Hermione.

University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University, or simply Cambridge) is the second oldest university in England and the fourth oldest in Europe. In post-nominals the university's name is abbreviated as Cantab, a shortened form of Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of Cambridge).

The university grew out of an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge that was formed, early records suggest, in 1209 by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk.^[5] The two "ancient universities" have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, the two universities have a long history of rivalry with each other.

Academically, Cambridge has been ranked one of the world's top five universities,^[6] the leading university in Europe,^[7] and contends with Oxford for first place in UK league tables.^[8][9][10] The University's alumni include 87 Nobel Laureates as of 2010^[update].^[11] The University is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the League of European Research Universities and the International Alliance of Research Universities.

History

Trinity Lane in the snow, with King's College Chapel (centre) and Clare College Chapel (right).

Roger of Wendover wrote shortly after its foundation that the University of Cambridge could trace its origins to a crime committed in 1209. Although not always a reliable source, the detail given in his contemporaneous writings lends them credence.^{[citation needed]}

Two Oxford scholars were convicted of the murder or manslaughter of a woman and were hanged by the town authorities with the assent of King

John. In protest at the hanging, the University of Oxford went into voluntary suspension, and scholars migrated to a number of other locations, including the pre-existing school at Cambr

idge (Cambridge had been recorded as a “school” rather than as a university when John Grim held the office of Master there in 1201). These exile Oxford scholars (post-graduate researchers by present day terminology) started Cambridge’s life as a university in 1209.

Cambridge’s status was enhanced by a charter in 1231

from King Henry III of England which awarded the ius non trahi extra (a right to discipline its own members) plus some exemption from taxes, and a bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX that gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom.

After Cambridge was described as a studium gener

ale in a letter by Pope Nicholas IV in 1290, and confirmed as such in a bull by Pope John XXII in 1318, it became common for researchers from other European medieval universities to come and visit Cambridge to study or to give lecture courses.^[12]

Foundation of the colleges

Cambridge’s colleges were originally an incidental

feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself. The colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels. The hostels

were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane.

Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhous

e in 1284, Cambridge’s first college. Many colleges were founded during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but colleges continued to be established throughout the centuries to modern times, alth

ough there was a gap of 204 years between the founding of Sidney Sussex in 1596 and Downing in 1800. The most recent college established is Robinson, built in the late 1970s. However, Hughes Hall only achieved full university college

status in Apr

il 2007, making it the newest full college.^[13]

In medieval times, colleges were founded so tha

t their stu

dents would pray for the souls of the founders. For that reason they were often associated with chapels or abbeys. A change in the colleges’ focus occurred in 1536 with the Dissolution of the Monasteries. King Henry VIII ordered the university to disband its Faculty of Canon Law and to stop teaching “scholastic philosophy”. In respo

nse, colleges changed their curricula away from canon law and towards the classics, the Bible, and mathematics.

As Cambridge moved away from Canon Law so too did it move away from Catholicism. As early as the 1520’s, the continental rumblings of Lutheranism

and what was to become more broadly known as the Protestant Reformation were making their presence felt in the intellectual discourse of the university. Among the intellectuals involved was the theologically influential Thomas Cranmer, la

ter to become Archbishop of Canterbury. As it became convenient to Henry VIII in the 1530’s, the King looked to Cranmer and others (within and without Cambridge) to craft a new religious path that was wholly different from Catholicism yet also different from what Martin Luther had in mind.

Nearly a century later, the university was at the centre of another Christian schism. Many nobles, intellectuals and even common folk saw

the ways of the Church of England as being all too similar to the Catholic Church and moreover that it was used by the crown to usurp the rightful powers of the counties. East Anglia was the centre of what became the Puritan movement and at Cambridge, it was particularly strong at Emmanuel, St. Catherine’s Hall, Sidney Sussex and Christ’s College.^[14] They produced

many “non-conformist” graduates who greatly influenced, by social position or pulpit, the approximately 20,000 Puritans who left for New England and especially the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Great Migration decade of the

1630’s.

Myths, legends a

nd traditions

The Mathematical Bridge over the river Cam (at Queens’ College)
Main article: University of Cambridge legends

As an institution with such a long history, the University has developed a large number of myths and legends. The vast majority of these are untrue, but have been propagated nonetheless by generations of students and tour guides.

A discontinued tradition is that of the wooden spoon, the ‘prize’ awarded to the student with the lowest passing grade in the final examinations of the Mathematical Tripos. The last of these spoons was awarded in 1909 to Cuthbert Lempriere Holthouse, an oarsman of the Lady Margaret Boat Club of St John’s College. It was over one metre in length and had an oar blade for a handle. It can now be seen outside the Senior

Combination Room of St John's. Since 1909, results were published alphabetically within class rather than score order. This made it harder to ascertain who the winner of the spoon was (unless there was only one person in the third class), and so the practice was abandoned.

Each Christmas Eve, BBC radio and television broadcasts The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols by the Choir of King's College, Cambridg

e. The radio broadcast has been a national Christmas tradition since it was first transmitted in 1928 (though the festival has existed since 1918). The radio broadcast is carried worldwide by the BBC World Service and is also syndicated to hundreds of radio stations in the USA. The first television broadcast of the festival was in 1954.^[20][21]

Great Court of King's College.

Love is loving someone without expecting anything in return; no judgments, no restrictions; no limitations; no expectations!

This article is about Shakespeare's play. For other uses, see Romeo and Juliet (disambiguation).

Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the career of playwright William Shakespeare about two young "star-cross'd lovers"^[1] whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet and Macbeth, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers.

Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based on an Italian tale, translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562, and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1582. Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both, but developed supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris, in order to expand the plot. Believed to be written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597^[2]. This text was of poor quality, and later editions corrected it, bringing it more in line with Shakespeare's original.

Shakespeare's use of dramatic structure, especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension, his expansion of minor characters, and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story, has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops. Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play.

Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical and opera. During the Restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant. David Garrick's 18th-century version also modified several scenes, removing material then considered indecent, and Georg Benda's operatic adaptation omitted much of the action and added a happy ending. Performances in the 19th century, including Charlotte Cushman's, restored the original text, and focused on greater realism. John Gielgud's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare's text, and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama. In the 20th century the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as MGM's comparatively faithful 1936 film, the 1950s stage musical West Side Story, and 1996's MTV-inspired Romeo + Juliet.

Aurora (astronomy)

Auroras, sometimes called the northern and southern (polar) lights or auroraesingular: aurora), are natural light displays in the sky, usually observed at night, particularly in the polar regions. They typically occur in the ionosphere. They are also referred to as polar auroras. (

In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the aurora borealis, named after the Romangoddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for north wind, Boreas, by Pierre Gassendi in 1621.^[1] The aurora borealis is also called the northern polar lights, as it is only visible in the sky from the Northern Hemisphere, with the chance of visibility increasing with proximity to the North Magnetic Pole. (Earth's is currently in the arctic islands of northern Canada.) Auroras seen near the magnetic pole may be high overhead, but from further away, they illuminate the northern horizon as a greenish glow or sometimes a faint red, as if the sun were rising from an unusual direction. The Aurora Borealis most often occurs near the equinoxes. The northern lights have had a number of names throughout history. The Cree call this phenomenon the "Dance of the Spirits." In the Middle Ages the auroras have been called a sign from God (see Wilfried Schröder, Das Phänomen des Polarlichts, Darmstadt 1984).

Its southern counterpart, the aurora australis or the southern polar lights, has similar properties, but is only visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, South America, or Australasia. Australis is the Latin word for "of the South."

Auroras can be spotted throughout the world and on other planets. It is most visible closer to the poles due to the longer periods of darkness and the magnetic field.

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